Custom-shape wireless dog fence system and method with reduced clock speed variation between multiple base units and collar

ABSTRACT

A custom-shaped wireless fence system is provided that contains one or more dogs in a user-defined containment area without the need for a physical fence or underground wire. The system, which is easy to set up and use, includes at least three base units and at least one collar and, preferably, a remote controller. Each of the base units and the at least one collar includes a component for reducing clock speed variation between the base and collar units, preferably to +/−5 ppm, to effectively eliminate communication errors between the base and collar units.

This application is a continuation-in-part application of co-pendingapplication Ser. No. 13/067,248, filed May 18, 2011, which claimed thepriority of co-pending provisional application Ser. No. 61/344,074,filed May 18, 2010, and also the priority of co-pending provisionalapplication Ser. No. 61/457,075, filed Dec. 21, 2010, the priority ofwhich is hereby claimed.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention is related to the field of animal containment and,more particularly, to a system and method for defining a wireless dogfence that surrounds a user-defined area and for using the fence tocontain one or more dogs within the user-defined area.

2. Description of the Related Art

Containing one or more dogs within a prescribed area has been achievedin many different ways, most traditionally through the construction of afenced enclosure that is high enough to prevent the dog from escapingthe enclosure by going over the fence. Since some consider above-groundfencing to be unattractive or otherwise undesirable, “invisible” fenceproducts have been developed that rely on a wire buried underground thatdefines a desired “fence” border for the dog or dogs. The wire transmitsa signal that activates a specially designed collar worn by the dog whenthe dog comes within a certain proximity of the border. The collar, onceactivated, can issue an audible warning and/or an electric shock to thedog to ensure that the dog does not leave the “fenced-in” area. Buriedwire systems are labor intensive to install. Further, since the wire maybe unintentionally cut, or otherwise damaged, such as by digging ortilling during lawn maintenance or the like, such buried wire fencesystems are also labor intensive when attempting to find the location ofthe broken wire or other difficulty.

More recently, wireless fence products have been developed that radiatea low frequency signal to saturate a spherical volume which translatesto a generally circular area on the ground plane. The radius of thecircle is user-definable and, according to one such product manufacturedby PetSafe, generally extends radially from about 5 feet to about 90feet. When the dog, while wearing a specially designed collar, is“inside” the signal saturated area, the collar receives a signal and noaction is taken. When the dog moves outside the signal area, however,the collar delivers a correction signal.

Another wireless system is that marketed by Perimeter Technologies, Inc.which, rather than creating a signal-saturated area, uses a distancemeasuring technology between the collar and a base unit to determine therange of the dog from the base unit. However, interference created byobjects often found within a household environment can cause the collarand base to lose communication with one another, resulting in undesiredcorrections being delivered to the dog, i.e., corrections when theanimal is within the defined containment radius. In addition, thePerimeter Technologies system is also limited to a generally radial orcircular area which does not allow the user to make allowance forspecific geographic or other individualized aspects of the area withinwhich the dog is to be contained.

In view of the desirability of a custom-shaped fence, U.S. Pat. No.7,259,718 (“the '718 patent”) discloses an electronic pet fence thatallows the user to establish a desired boundary having a user-definedshape. Using a master and two slave transceivers arranged in atriangular configuration, the master transceiver communicates with theslaves and records round trip travel times for radio signals between thecollar and each of the transceivers. A logic device at the mastertransceiver uses these round trip times to determine the location of thecollar using triangulation or trilateration. However, in a householdsetting, problems often arise with signal attenuation and signal losssuch that one of the transceivers may, at any given time, be out ofcommunication with the collar. This results in the inability to locatethe collar and often the issuance of an inappropriate correction to thedog. Furthermore, the '718 patent provides no means of preventing fenceborder irregularities caused by signal attenuation during set up, andalso lacks any ability to identify and ignore erroneous collar locationdata collected while the system is in use. Such erroneous data, if notdetected for what it is, can also result in unwanted corrections beingissued to the dog.

Accordingly, a need exists for an improved wireless fencing system thatis easy for the consumer to set up and use and that overcomes theproblems encountered with prior art systems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the foregoing, one object of the present invention is toovercome the difficulties of containing a dog within a wireless fenceboundary without administering unwanted corrections to the animal.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a wireless fencesystem having a dual-antenna collar and a plurality of dual-antenna baseunits to improve the ratio of successfully received signal transmissionsto lost signals.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a wirelessfence system having a plurality of base units that enable a customborder or fence to be defined by the user to establish a uniquely-shapedcontainment area and to enable the user to track the specific locationof the dog within the containment area at any given time.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a wirelessfence system in accordance with the preceding objects that includesvisualization software that allows the user to validate visually, on apersonal computing device having a display screen, the perimeter of thefence, the occurrence of a breach of the fence perimeter, and the actualposition of the collar relative to the fence perimeter as the collar,whether on the dog or in the user's hand, moves about. The visualizationsoftware can be used during system set-up and at any time thereafterduring system operation to check the fence location, and to review a“bread crumb” history of the movement of the collar as recorded by thesoftware.

A further object of the present invention is to provide a wireless fencesystem in accordance with the preceding objects in which thevisualization software records a digital log file containing ahistorical record of the range pair distance values between the basesdetermined during a topology set-up phase, the fence and exclusion zonelocations, as well as tracking location values for the collar over timewhich can be used to troubleshoot the system when needed.

A yet further object of the present invention is to provide a wirelessfence system in accordance with the preceding objects in which theplurality of base units allow the user to define specific areas withinthe containment area that the dog is not allowed to enter as exclusionzones.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a wirelessfence system in accordance with the preceding objects in which distancevalues are repeatedly obtained between the base units and a collar unitand then weighted and filtered to discount those distance values likelyto be errant and to more accurately track where the dog is within thecontainment area.

A still further object of the present invention is to provide a wirelessfence system in accordance with the preceding objects in which NANOLOC™chipsets are used in conjunction with power amplification circuitry toprovide greater signal strength for improved reliability in tracking thelocation of the dog within the containment area.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a wirelessfence system in accordance with the preceding objects that providesincreased precision in the control of the clock speed in each of thebase units and the collar so that these units can be “matched” for agiven clock speed.

A still further object of the present invention is to provide a wirelessfence system in accordance with the preceding objects in which theNANOLOC™ RF circuitry of the collar and/or the base units is modified toinclude an external trimmable capacitor which enables the oscillatorfrequency to be manually adjusted to achieve a total range precision of10 ppm (+/−5 ppm), which equates to a clock speed of 32 MHz +/−160 Hz,effectively eliminating communication errors between the base units andthe collar of the fence system.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a wireless fencesystem in accordance with the preceding objects in which a standardcrystal oscillator within the NANOLOC™ RF circuitry of the collar and/orthe base units is replaced with a temperature compensated crystaloscillator (TCXO) to provide increased precision in the control of theclock speed variation between the base units and the collar over a widetemperature range.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a wirelessfence system in accordance with the preceding objects in which thecollar includes a normal operating mode and a sleep mode that is enteredwhen lack of motion is detected for a threshold time period.

It is yet another object of the invention to provide a wireless petcontainment product that is user friendly and robust in operation andwhich effectively tracks the location of the dog to reduce the number ofinappropriate corrections administered to the dog.

In accordance with these and other objects, the present invention isdirected to a custom-shape wireless fence system for containing one ormore dogs in a user-defined containment area without the need for aphysical fence or underground buried wire. The system includes aplurality of base units, a user interface device or remote controller,and at least one collar for a dog, with multiple collars also beingsupported for additional dogs. The base units include a master base unitand preferably at least three slave base units or anchors. By includingfour base units rather than just three, the incidence of dropped signalsor lost communications is reduced, improving system performance. Each ofthe master base unit, the anchors and the collar have two antennas each,providing diversity and further improving the ratio of successfullyreceived signal transmissions to lost signals. Each of the base andcollar units also includes a NANOLOC™ transceiver.

According to the present invention, the border or boundary line canfollow any path the user defines in order to create a custom-shapesuited to the user's particular yard or other area. As used herein,“custom-shape” refers to a user-defined border that can have virtuallyany shape as set by the user during initial installation. The borderrepresents an approximate area outside of which the collar will begin toinitiate a correction to the dog. The border marks the start of atrigger zone which extends outwardly from the border in all directionsto a distance at which the collar can no longer receive input from themaster base unit. This distance, and hence the “size” of the triggerzone, will vary depending upon the terrain and objects between the dogand the master base unit, but can be as much as about a mile and a halffrom the master base unit in open flat country. Also as used herein, the“fence” is a group of connected line segments that extend coincidentallywith the border or boundary line immediately inside the trigger zone.

The border, which is set by the user, defines a roaming area. As long asthe dog remains within the roaming area, signal transmissions areeffectively sent and received between the base units and the collar tomonitor the dog's position in the containment area in real time, and nocorrections are issued to the dog.

It is advantageous if each of the base units and the collar is providedwith a PCB-mounted component for reducing clock speed variation betweenthe base unit and the collar.

According to a first embodiment, the component for reducing clock speedvariation is a manually adjustable trimmable capacitor incorporatedwithin the RF circuitry of both the base unit and the collar. Thetrimmable capacitor can be adjusted to obtain a closely matched clockspeed between the base unit and the collar, virtually eliminatingcommunication errors between these two units.

In a second embodiment, the component for reducing clock speed variationis a temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO). The TCXOprovides increased precision in the control of the matched clock speedover a wide temperature range and thus is typically most useful in thecollar circuitry where the dog wearing the collar may be indoors oroutdoors. While the base units may be configured with either a trimmablecapacitor as in the first embodiment or with a TCXO, the trimmablecapacitor is generally preferred since the base units are typicallymounted indoors and therefore are not subject to large temperaturefluctuations.

The master base unit and the three anchors are mounted inside the user'shouse or other desired indoor location and are preferably positioned inapproximately the four corners of the house. To set up the system usinga set-up menu on a display screen of the remote controller, the userfirst “finds” the master base unit. Finding the master base unit is aprocess by which, in response to user input to the remote controller,the master base unit initiates communication with the remote controllerand learns and stores the unique media access control (MAC) address ofthe remote controller. The user then continues with the set-up menu to“find” the first anchor, a process by which, in response to user inputto the remote controller, the master base unit begins a communicationsequence searching for a compatible device other than the remotecontroller. Once the first anchor is found, the master base unit storesthe first anchor's unique MAC address and checks the distance from themaster base unit to the first anchor to verify that the first anchor isa “valid” base unit, i.e., is a base unit that is part of the user'ssystem and not, for example, a base unit belonging to a neighbor'ssystem. This distance is obtained through a ranging process performed bythe NANOLOC™ transceivers. The foregoing process by which the firstanchor is “found” is repeated for each of the second and third anchors.

Once all of the anchors have been found, the master base unit initiatesa topology process by which the master base unit records the relativedistances between each base unit/anchor and anchor/anchor pair for atotal of six distances, i.e., master base unit to first anchor, masterbase unit to second anchor, master base unit to third anchor, firstanchor to second anchor, second anchor to third anchor, and first anchorto third anchor. Using these distances, the master base unit configuresa planar coordinate system in which the positions of each of the anchorsand the master base unit are assigned coordinates that identify therelative distances and spatial relationships between each of the anchorsand the master base unit to define an overall topology.

Once the topology is complete, the user defines the desired containmentarea by placing a plurality of flags at approximately six foot intervalsalong the desired border or boundary line. After pressing “start” on theremote controller, the user then walks along the flagged boundary linewith the remote controller in hand. The master base unit and anchorstrack the remote controller and the master base unit records theconsecutive positions thereof as the user walks around the border orboundary line. The consecutive positions are recorded as a plurality oftracking location values that represent the end points of the linesegments that will represent the fence border.

To enable the user to verify that the wireless fence actually createdduring system set-up conforms with the fence the user intended tocreate, the system preferably includes visualization software operablewith a personal computer (PC) or other computing device having a displayscreen. The visualization software provides a visual validation of thefence as actually constructed by the user by displaying the fence, alongwith the base units and their relative positions, on the PC displayscreen. The user can then make any adjustments in the fence locationthat are deemed necessary as a result of the computer-displayed fence.

The system also allows the user to define exclusion zones within thecontainment area. Exclusion zones are specific areas or islands that,while enclosed by the fence border, do not constitute part of theroaming area, i.e., exclusion zones are areas that the user does notwant the dog to access. Establishment of the exclusion zones isaccomplished in a manner similar to that followed when establishing thefence border. Specifically, the user defines one or more exclusion zoneby placing a plurality of flags at approximately six foot intervalsalong the desired border of the exclusion zone. After entering theexclusion zone mode and pressing “start” on the remote controller, theuser then walks along the flagged exclusion zone boundary line with theremote controller in hand. The master base unit and anchors track theremote controller and the master base unit records the consecutivepositions walked by the user as a plurality of tracking location valuesthat represent the exclusion zone border. Like the fence, the exclusionzone boundaries are also recorded and displayed when using thevisualization software.

With the boundaries set, one or more collars 14 are added via user inputusing the remote controller. The collar is powered on and the masterbase unit seeks an enabled device that has not been previously added tothe system. Upon finding the collar, the base identifies the unique MACaddress associated with the collar, and stores the collar's identity inthe same manner as the anchor identities were stored. The user can usethe remote controller to not only add but also name, delete or changesettings for each of a plurality of collars.

Once the fence is set and the collar or collars activated, the flagsidentifying the fence and the exclusion zones may be used as visual cuesof their respective locations. The user can then train the dog as to theextent of the roaming area so that the dog can be effectively containedwithin the fence and kept out of the exclusion zones. When the traineddog wearing the collar is thereafter placed within the roaming area, thelocation of the collar with respect to the coordinate system iscontinually calculated and updated as the anchors range with the collarand communicate their respective range or distance values to the masterbase unit on an on-going basis. As used herein, “range” or “ranging”refer to distance determination so that when the collar ranges with abase unit, the distance between the collar and the base unit is beingdetermined.

Once obtained, the distance values are weighted and filtered by themaster base unit to discount those distance values likely to be errantdue to their disparity with previously measured values and previouscalculations of the dog's position. More particularly, through weightingand filtering of a plurality of continuously obtained distancemeasurement values taken between the base units and the collar,anomalous measurement values are discounted in terms of theircontribution to the current calculation of the dog's location. Inaddition, smoothing of the location data is performed through time andmotion algorithms based on modified Kalman filtering and hysteresis tosmooth both the border during fence set up and motion tracking of thedog in use of the system. This smoothing takes into account positionaltolerances inherent in the relative accuracy limitations of the NANOLOC™chipsets. These filtering techniques in combination with improved signalstrength and antenna diversity in the communication between the baseunits and the collar improve the accuracy with which the dog's locationis tracked so that unwanted corrections are not administered to the dog.

These together with other objects and advantages which will becomesubsequently apparent reside in the details of construction andoperation as more fully hereinafter described and claimed, referencebeing had to the accompanying drawings forming a part hereof, whereinlike numerals refer to like parts throughout.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the components of a custom-shape wireless fence system inaccordance with the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a top plan view illustrating the master base unit and thethree anchors shown in FIG. 1 as mounted within the four corners of ahouse.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the steps taken when establishing theuser-defined topology of the containment area for the system shown inFIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the steps performed by the topologyalgorithm shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5A is a flowchart of the steps taken during the fence setting modeof the system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 5B illustrates the fence as displayed on the user's PC screen usingvisualization software.

FIG. 5C illustrates a screen shot of the fence of FIG. 5B in conjunctionwith a history of tracking location values for the collar over a periodof time.

FIG. 6 is an illustration of a user's yard with the fence being set upas described in FIG. 5A.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of the steps taken during the exclusion zonesetting mode of the system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 8 is an illustration of the user's yard shown in FIG. 6, with theexclusion zone being set up as described in FIG. 7.

FIG. 9A is an isolated view of the assembled collar shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 9B is an exploded view of the components of the collar shown inFIG. 9A.

FIG. 9C is a photograph of the first strap part of the collar strap asshown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, and the antenna to be inserted into the holein an interior end of the strap part.

FIG. 9D is a photograph of the components shown in FIG. 9C after theantenna has been inserted into the hole in the strap.

FIG. 9E is a photograph of the printed circuit board shown in FIG. 9B,as mounted in the lower housing and with the collar straps connectedthereto.

FIG. 9F is a photograph of the collar components shown in FIG. 9B,without the battery, as the upper housing is brought into alignment withthe lower housing.

FIG. 9G is a photograph of the collar components shown in FIG. 9F, asthe upper housing is brought into engagement with the lower housing toseal the correction unit compartment.

FIG. 9H is a photograph of the collar components shown in FIGS. 9F and9G with the correction unit compartment positioned for sealing in anultrasonic welding machine.

FIG. 10A is an exploded view of the components of a second embodiment ofa collar assembly including a collar strap and correction unit for usewith the wireless fence system according to the present invention.

FIG. 10B is a top view of the collar strap shown in FIG. 10A.

FIG. 10C is a side view of the collar strap shown in FIG. 10A.

FIGS. 10D through 10J illustrate the sequential steps taken to assemblethe correction component and collar strap shown in FIG. 10A.

FIG. 11A is a block diagram of a portion of the collar PCB, includingthe NANOLOC™ chipset, as configured without a component for reducingclock speed variation.

FIG. 11B is a block diagram of the collar PCB shown in FIG. 11A in whicha component for reducing clock speed variation in the form of atrimmable capacitor has been added in accordance with the presentinvention.

FIG. 11C is a schematic of the circuit including the trimmable capacitoras shown in FIG. 7B.

FIG. 11D is a block diagram of the portion of the collar PCB shown inFIG. 11A in which a component for reducing clock speed variation in theform of a temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) has beensubstituted for one of the standard oscillators in the RF circuitry inaccordance with the present invention.

FIG. 11E is a schematic of the circuit including the TCXO shown in FIG.11D.

FIG. 11F is a more detailed schematic of the trimmer capacitor circuitin accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 11G is a more detailed schematic of the TCXO circuit in accordancewith the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing the steps taken during the collar settingmode of the system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart showing the steps taken during the rangingprocess of the system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart showing the steps taken during the trilaterationprocess of the system shown in FIG. 1.

FIGS. 15A-15C illustrate the process by which distance values betweenthe master base unit and the anchors are compared and used to defineintersecting circles that pinpoint the dog's location within thecontainment area in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 16 is a flowchart showing the steps taken during the systemmonitoring mode of the system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 17 is a flowchart showing the steps taken during the trackingprocess of the system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 18 is a flowchart showing the steps taken during the correctionprocess of the system shown in FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In describing a preferred embodiment of the invention illustrated in thedrawings, specific terminology will be resorted to for the sake ofclarity. However, the invention is not intended to be limited to thespecific terms so selected, and it is to be understood that eachspecific term includes all technical equivalents which operate in asimilar manner to accomplish a similar purpose.

According to the present invention generally designated by referencenumeral 10, a custom-shape wireless fence system is provided thatincludes a master base unit 12, at least two other slave base units oranchors 13, a collar 14 and a remote controller 15, as shown in FIG. 1.Preferably, three slave base units are provided and the system asdescribed hereinafter includes three slave base units in addition to themaster base unit; however, the system only requires a total of threebase units. In addition, the system may be configured without the remotecontroller as a separate unit. When configured without a remotecontroller, the collar or other trackable device is used to define thefence and exclusion zones, and other functions of a remote controllermay be incorporated into the master base unit and/or PC used with thevisualization software. Accordingly, while reference herein is generallymade to a remote controller, it is to be understood that anotherproperly configured trackable device may be used in lieu of a remotecontroller depending on system configuration.

For the purposes of training the dog and to provide visual markers forboth the dog and the user that generally correspond with the fenceborder, a set of flags 16 is also preferably provided with the system.The number of flags may be variable, but it is preferred to have fromabout 25 to about 100 flags, depending upon the size of the containmentor roaming area 32 (see FIG. 6) to be defined.

The base units each have a power supply 41 that plugs into a 110 volthousehold outlet. The remote controller 15 is preferably recharged usinga USB cable 43. The collar uses disposable or rechargeable batteries 42.

As shown in FIG. 2, the base units 12 and 13 are intended to bepositioned within the user's home 18, garage, or other environmentallycontrolled, indoor area, and are preferably configured to be mounted ona wall. While it is possible to power the base units with batteries,they are preferably plugged into a properly grounded 110V AC outlet.Each base unit preferably has two antennas 20, 21 for diversity whencommunicating with the collar 14 and with the remote controller 15;however, the base units may be configured with only a single antennaeach. The remote controller 15, which is preferably powered bybatteries, also preferably has two antennas 22, 23, as well as a graphicuser interface with a touch screen 24 for inputting information to setup and control the system. The remote controller 15 is configured toenable the user to set up a custom-sized fence of up to about 1000 feetor more from the master base unit and the anchors in any direction. Thefence encloses an inner roaming area 32 and establishes the border atwhich the trigger zone 34 begins.

The base units 12, 13 range with the collar 14 using an integratedcircuit (IC) chip contained within each of the base units. The collaralso contains a similar IC chipset. According to a preferred embodiment,the chipset in each of the base units and the collar is a NANOLOC™ TRX2.4 GHz transceiver chipset sold by Nanotron Technologies of Berlin,Germany. The NANOLOC™ TRX 2.4 GHz transceiver chipsets use chirp spreadspectrum (CSS) wireless communication technology.

As preferably configured, the master base unit 12 stores location dataand coordinates messages to be sent to the collar and/or to the remotecontroller. The master base unit 12 communicates with all five otherdevices (three anchors, collar and remote controller). The anchors 13may be less complex distance measuring devices which range with eachother as well as with the master base unit 12, the collar 14 and theremote controller 15. The remote controller 15 also ranges with theanchors and, in addition, has two-way communication with the master baseunit. The collar ranges with all four base units and, like the remotecontroller, sends to and receives signal communications from the masterbase unit.

As shown in FIG. 2, the process of setting up the system according tothe present invention begins by mounting the base units 12, 13 insidethe user's home 18, preferably in the four corners. The user thenfollows a sequence of steps using a control mechanism, preferably theremote controller 15, that enables the master base unit 12 to determinethe location of the other three base units or anchors 13 within apredefined planar coordinate system that is part of the overall system.A topology is thus defined by which the positions of each of the anchorsand the master base unit are assigned coordinates that identify therelative distances and spatial relationships between each of the anchorsand the master base unit within the predefined planar coordinate system.

The steps taken when establishing the topology are summarized in FIG. 3.In FIG. 3, the master base unit is referred to as “Base A” and theanchors are referred to as “Anchors B, C and D”. When designating whichof the anchors is B, which is C, and which is D, the system isconfigured to assume a clockwise orientation of the base units as seenfrom above as in FIG. 2. Therefore, Anchor B is to the right of orclockwise with respect to Base A, Anchor C is to the right of orclockwise with respect to Anchor B, and Anchor D is to the right of orclockwise with respect to Anchor C, as designated in FIG. 2.

To begin, the user plugs in the remote controller 15 to charge thebatteries therein, step 100, and then plugs in Base A (the master baseunit 12), step 102. Using the touch screen 24 on the remote controller,the user instructs the remote controller to “find” the master base unit,step 102. This starts a communication sequence between the remotecontroller 15 and the master base unit 12 during which the master baseunit reads and stores the unique MAC address of the remote controller,step 104. The remote controller then prompts the user to go to the nextstep, step 106.

As already noted, the first anchor, Anchor B, is the slave base unitthat is next to, and to the right of, the master base unit when movingclockwise with respect to all of the base units. After powering upAnchor B, the user proceeds to “find” Anchor B through appropriate inputusing the touch screen of the remote controller, step 108. Wheninstructed to “find” Anchor B, the master base unit begins acommunication sequence seeking the next compatible device (other thanthe remote controller). The master base unit reads the unique MACaddress of both the remote controller and Anchor B and identifies theaddress not already found as Anchor B, step 110. If Anchor B issuccessfully found, its distance to the master base unit is checkedthrough a ranging process performed by the NANOLOC™ tranceivers, as willbe discussed further hereinafter, to verify that Anchor B is a “valid”base unit. A base unit is “valid” if the distance indicates that thebase unit is part of the user's system, i.e., if the distance is withina maximum allowable distance. This check for validity ensures that anyother units that might be in the area, such as base units that are partof a neighbor's fence system, are not “found” and erroneously made partof the user's system. If Anchor B is valid, the master base unit storesthe MAC address of Anchor B. The remote controller then prompts the userto go to the next step, step 112. If Anchor B was not found, the remotecontroller will prompt the user to retry, step 114. The foregoing stepsused to “find” Anchor B are then repeated for each of Anchors C and D,step 116.

Once all of the anchors have been found, the master base unit initiatesa topology process within the localized planar coordinate system using atopology algorithm, step 118. The topology process is based on theassumption that the four base units are set up to form a four-sidedpolygon, i.e., the base units are not arranged in a straight line.

The steps performed by the topology algorithm are summarized in FIG. 4.First, the master base unit 12 records the relative distances betweeneach base unit/anchor pair and each anchor/anchor pair for a total ofsix distances, i.e., master base unit 12 to first anchor (Anchor B),master base unit 12 to second anchor (Anchor C), master base unit 12 tothird anchor (Anchor D), first anchor (Anchor B) to second anchor(Anchor C), second anchor (Anchor C) to third anchor (Anchor D), andfirst anchor (Anchor B) to third anchor (Anchor D), step 120. A set ofapproximately 40 distance values is obtained for each pair of baseunits, with the sets then being respectively filtered and averaged toyield a single distance value for each base unit pair. With thesedistance values, the topology algorithm determines the spatialrelationships of each of the four base units within the localized planarcoordinate system or reference grid, step 122.

When determining the above spatial relationships among the four baseunits 12, 13, there is a chance that attenuation seen within a givenhome environment may skew the calculated base/anchor spatialrelationships. To address such situations, the system is preferablyconfigured to enable the user to override the “found” distances for eachof the six distances with a user-entered distance. In this case, theuser-entered or “user-defined” distance (or distances) can be used bythe topology algorithm rather than the “found” distance.

To orient the base units in the planar coordinate system, the positionof the master base unit is defined as (0,0), step 124. The position ofAnchor B is defined as (Bx, 0), where Bx is the distance value returnedbetween the master base unit and Anchor B, step 126. The position ofAnchor C is defined as (Cx, Cy), and the position of Anchor D is definedas (Dx, Dy).

To determine the actual coordinate values of the anchors, the distancebetween the master base unit and Anchor C is compared with the distancebetween Anchor B and Anchor D. Whichever of these two distances isshorter determines which of Anchors C or D will be defined first, step128.

Assuming that the distance between Anchor B and Anchor D is less thanthe distance between the master base unit (Base A) and Anchor C, thenthe location of Anchor D is defined first; Anchor C's calculatedposition is then dependent on the location of Anchor D. The position ofAnchor D can be calculated with the known positions of the master baseunit and Anchor B using mathematical equations. Once the position ofAnchor D is calculated, the position of Anchor C is defined by AnchorC's distance from Anchor B and from Anchor D.

With respect to the position of Anchor D as (Dx, Dy), the distancebetween (0,0) and (Dx, Dy) is the distance value determined between themaster base unit and Anchor D, the distance between (0, By) and (Dx, Dy)is the distance value determined between Anchor B and Anchor D. Thesedistance values are used to determine the position of Anchor D.

With respect to the position of Anchor C as (Cx, Cy), the distancebetween (Bx, 0) and (Cx, Cy) is the distance value determined betweenAnchor B and Anchor C, and the distance between (Dx, Dy) and (Cx, Cy) isthe distance value determined between Anchor D and Anchor C, step 132.

Alternatively to the above described method of setting up a coordinategrid, the master base unit may be set at (0,0) as the origin, with thefurthest of the three remaining base units or anchors being placed asthe diagonal location. The remaining two anchors are then placed onopposite sides of a line drawn between the master base unit and thediagonal base or anchor. This method also creates a grid that forms thereference for establishing fence and exclusion zone points.

Once the coordinate grid has been completed and the positions of themaster base unit and the three anchors have been calculated with respectto the grid, the topology is complete. The user is then ready to set upthe fence boundary. The fence setting mode of the present invention issummarized in FIG. 5A.

To start, the user defines the desired containment area by placing aplurality of flags at approximately six foot intervals along the desiredborder or boundary line, step 140. Preferably, the user begins the flagplacement sequence with a single flag of a different color than theremaining flags. For example, the first flag may be blue while the otherflags are white. The blue flag is thus the “start” flag 80. Such aflagged border is shown in FIG. 6.

To record the location of the fence, the user uses a trackable devicewhich is preferably either the remote controller or the collar. Withinthe preferred embodiment disclosed herein in which a remote controlleris included, the user initiates recording of the fence location by themaster base unit by pressing “start” or other comparable input field onthe touch screen 24 of the remote controller 15 while at the start flag80 and then walks, or otherwise moves, along the flagged boundary linewith the remote controller in hand, step 142. The master base unit andanchors track the movement of the remote controller and the master baseunit records consecutive positions thereof as the user walks as aplurality of fence location values (FLVs) that represent the fenceborder.

According to a preferred embodiment, in formulating the fence in memory,the system of the present invention joins two consecutive fence locationvalues by a straight line segment, such that the fence 31 is actually aseries of connected line segments that are mathematically defined andstored in memory at the master base unit, step 144. If the user has tointerrupt the fence setting process for some reason, the system includesa pause and resume feature, step 146. Once the user has completedwalking around the border and has reached the end flag 82, anappropriate input to the remote controller indicating fence completioncauses the system to “close” the fence, i.e., to join the fence locationvalues of the first and last points as respectively represented by thestart and end flags 80 and 82, step 148.

To better ration memory space, the system preferably is configured touse every third fence location value as an endpoint to the joined linesegments, step 150. Since the fence location values are recorded at arate of about one per second, as dependent upon the walking speed of theuser, there is no appreciable degradation in the smoothness of the fenceline 31 when a slow to normal walking pace is employed while recordingthe fence location. Similarly, the system may be configured to joinevery fourth fence location value, every fifth value, etc.

To enable the user to verify that the wireless fence actually createdduring fence set-up conforms with the fence the user intended to create,the present invention preferably includes visualization software thatprovides a visual validation of the fence as constructed by the user.This visual validation not only enables the user to “see” the fenceperimeter created during the fence set-up procedure, but also toidentify problem areas or irregularities that may not have beenrecognized by the user when recording the fence location values thatdefine the fence perimeter. For example, the presence of an interferingobject such as a refrigerator or other signal-blocking object may havecreated an irregularity in the fence perimeter that is undesirable tothe user. The visualization software shows the user this irregularity,enabling the user to make adjustments in the set up of the fence toavoid or compensate for the interfering object or other irregularity.

Accordingly, the visualization software is activated and used duringinitial fence set-up. Specifically, the software is downloaded onto theuser's PC or other computing device having a display from a website orfrom a CD or similar data storage element. The download may be completedby connecting the master base unit to the PC either directly through aUSB cable or wirelessly through the remote controller 15 which isattached to the PC via a USB cable. The visualization software is thenrun while the wireless fence is being created. The visualizationsoftware may also be used at various times thereafter as will bediscussed more fully hereinafter.

As the fence is being defined, the software creates a visualrepresentation of the fence which is displayed on the screen of theuser's PC as shown in FIG. 5B. The visualization software preferablyincludes an auto-scaling feature that automatically sizes the virtualrepresentation of the created fence to a “full-screen” view on the PC.The software also displays the base units and their relative positionsand includes an on-screen grid system that permits the user to makedistance measurement estimates between various points shown on thescreen.

After the fence perimeter has been defined, the user can verify fencelocation by physically walking, or otherwise moving along the fence,while holding the collar. While walking, the real-time position of thecollar, along with the history of the user's walked path relative to thefence perimeter, is displayed as a “bread crumb” trail on the user’ PCscreen. According to one example, the user may choose to walk the collaralong a line approximately 10 feet inside the fence or flag line, and tothen compare the “bread crumb” trail corresponding with the user's pathas displayed by the visualization software to the fence, also shown bythe visualization software. In this case, a good result, i.e., a resultthat indicates that the fence is where the user wants it to be, would bea “bread crumb” trail that is “concentric” with the fence but offset bythe 10 feet.

Once the tracking portion of the visualization software startsrecording, the system begins to write a log file and continues with thewriting thereof until the software is closed and the log file saved. Thelog file can continue and accumulate for days before being saved. Oncesaved and then started again, a new log file is recorded and saved whenthe application is closed. The log file, when played back, provides avisual indication of the position and movement of the collar over theperiod of time that the log file is recording as shown in FIG. 5C. Thisrecord allows the user to confirm that the fence system is properlyset-up and operational with respect to tracking the location of thecollar.

In addition, after setting the fence perimeter the user may choose toconduct a “breach” test by walking the collar through the fenceperimeter. In addition to noting the response of the collar whilewalking it through the fence, which should include an auditory tone andillumination of an LED on the collar, the visualization software canenable the user to view the breach in that the fence as displayed on thePC screen will change visually. According to a preferred embodiment, thefence is normally shown in green on the display screen and will changecolor to red when a breach is detected. Other visually discernablescreen appearance changes could alternately be used to indicate thebreach. Like the collar tracking visualization function, the visualchange in screen appearance indicating that a breach has occurred allowsthe user to confirm that the fence system is properly set-up andoperational with respect to tracking the location of the collar relativeto the fence perimeter.

In addition to providing the foregoing visual images for presentation onthe user's PC or other computing device having a display, the digitallog file created by the visualization software also records valuableinformation that can be used by wireless fence design engineers, such asat Woodstream Corporation (“Woodstream”), the assignee of the presentapplication, to analyze and solve any fence set-up problems or otherissues experienced by the user. According to one preferred embodiment,the digital log file is designed to be easily sent by electronic mail orother file exchange technology from the user to Woodstream shouldfurther analysis and/or problem solving be required to assist the user.The digital log file includes base and anchor range values indicatingthe relative positions of the base units, fence location values, andlocation values indicating recorded movement of the collar. The digitallog file also contains filter information such as distance values thatexceed a maximum threshold, and “skip” decisions (see FIG. 14) resultingfrom too few or no distance values being reported.

More particularly, the log file is useful when troubleshooting the fencesystem as the playback of the recorded information allows thetroubleshooter to see if a base or bases were having difficulties inranging or communicating with a collar in certain locations of the yard.In the event that such difficulties are noted where they would not beexpected, as when both base units are on the same side of the house, thetroubleshooter can surmise from the log file that there is anattenuating object near the base unit, usually on the outside of thehouse, and can instruct the user to move that base unit to a differentlocation. The log file also allows the troubleshooter to see if one ofthe base units is not powered or is not communicating at all, if thefence was started inside the home by mistake, or if there were otherissues relating to tracking decisions in which range values were lost,skipped, filtered out, etc. The log file data can also be compared withinformation obtainable from public satellite services for congruencywhich, in the event of discrepancies, can enable the user to makecorrections through manual entry of base unit location and rangeinformation.

With the fence complete and recorded in memory, the flags may thereafterbe used as visual cues of the location of the fence and, with the collaron the dog, the user can then train the dog where the fence border is sothat the dog can be effectively contained therein.

The system also allows the user to define exclusion zones 35 within thecontainment area, as summarized in FIG. 7 and shown in FIG. 8. Exclusionzones 35 are specific areas or islands that, while enclosed by the fenceborder 31, do not constitute part of the roaming area 32, i.e.,exclusion zones are areas the user does not want the dog to access.Establishment of an exclusion zone 35 is accomplished in a mannersimilar to that followed when establishing the fence border. Thevisualization software allows the user to see the exclusion zones on aPC display and to perform all of the other operations described above inconnection with the establishment of the fence in like manner.

Specifically, and with reference to FIG. 7, the user defines one or moreexclusion zones by placing a plurality of flags at approximately sixfoot intervals along the desired border of the exclusion zone, step 160.As with the fence definition, the exclusion zones are defined using atrackable device which is typically the remote controller or the collar.If the system includes a remote controller, the user enters theexclusion zone mode and presses “start” or comparable input on the touchscreen of the remote controller while by the start flag 180, and thenwalks or otherwise moves along the flagged exclusion zone boundary linewith the remote controller in hand, step 162. The master base unit andanchors track the remote controller and the master base unit records theconsecutive positions thereof walked by the user as a plurality of fencelocation values that represent the exclusion zone border, step 162. Uponreaching the end flag 182, an appropriate input to the remote controllerindicating exclusion zone boundary completion causes the system to“close” the boundary, i.e., to join the fence location values of thefirst and last points as respectively represented by the start and endflags 180 and 182.

In like manner to that used when defining the outer boundary line orfence, the system of the present invention joins two consecutive fencelocation values, or every third or more fence location value, by astraight line segment, such that the exclusion zone boundary 131 isactually a series of connected line segments that are mathematicallydefined and stored in memory at the master base unit, step 164.

As with the fence flags, the exclusion zone flags may thereafter be usedas visual cues of the location of the exclusion zone and, with thecollar on the dog, the user can then train the dog where the exclusionzone is so that the dog can be effectively taught not to enter thatarea.

According to an alternative process of setting the fence, each flaglocation may be manually entered by the user using the remote controlleras the user walks the fence border. As with the previous embodiment, theuser defines the desired containment area by placing a plurality offlags at approximately six foot intervals along the desired border orboundary line. To activate the fence, the user sequentially holds theremote controller over each flag and presses an activation button, suchas a “Flag Here” button, at each flag position. The system will confirmto the user when each flag has been successfully entered, allowing theuser to move onto the next flag where the procedure is repeated. Onceall of the flag positions have been entered, the user presses anappropriate button, such as a “Done” button on the controller. Using thesame sequential process, the user can manually define the flag pointsaround one or more exclusion zones by placing a plurality of flags atappropriate intervals along the desired border of the exclusion zone andthen activating each flag in the same manner as the flags used in thefence boundary were activated. Both when defining the fence boundary andany exclusion zones, the system is configured to allow the user toremove individual flag positions, such as by pressing an “Undo LastFlag” button on the controller, and to also remove an entire boundaryusing a “Remove Fence” or “Remove Exclusion Zone” input displayed on thecontroller. Individual exclusion zones may also be deactivated and thenreactivated, without removing the exclusion zone, whenever desired bythe user.

As shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, the collar 14 includes a strap generallydesignated by reference numeral 50 that is fitted around the dog's neckand a correction unit 52 mounted to the strap 50. The strap 50 includesa first part 49 having holes therein that is coupled to one side of thecorrection unit 52, and a second part 51 connected to the other side ofthe correction unit 52 which has a buckle assembly 53 that can beengaged with the holes to secure the collar 14 around the dog's neck.

The correction unit 52 includes a container 29 having a lower housing 66and an upper housing 54 with a cover 55 through which a CR123A battery56, for example, may be inserted into the container 29 for providingpower to the unit 52. The correction unit further preferably includes anindicator light 58, preferably an LED post 59 joined to the upperhousing 54 with a waterproof adhesive, that is visible from the outerside of the correction unit and, like the base unit, the collar has twoantennas 60, 61 to provide diversity when communicating with the baseunit.

As shown in FIGS. 9C and 9D, the antenna 61 is preferably insertedthrough an opening 46 and threaded into a blind channel 47 in the collarstrap part 49 prior to final assembly of the collar and is secured withsilicone or similar material at the strap antenna insertion points.Insertion of antenna 60 into a corresponding hole and channel in strappart 51 is accomplished in like manner.

Housed within the compartment 29 of the collar correction unit 52 is aprinted circuit board (PCB) assembly 65 as shown in FIGS. 9B and 9E-9G.A NANOLOC™ TRX 2.4 GHz transceiver chipset like that in the base unitsis integrated with the PCB assembly 65 under RF shield 39 (see FIG. 9E).The collar and base unit NANOLOC™ chipsets send and receive radiotransmissions from one another like 2-way radios. The NANOLOC™ chipsetsare preferably enhanced in operation with power amplification circuitryto provide greater signal strength. When radio signals are sent from theantennas of one of the base units or the collar to the other of thecommunicating components, these signals propagate in an omni-directionalor spherical manner. Using these signals, the enhanced NANOLOC™ chipsetsperform a ranging process with their associated antenna pairs whichcontinuously captures, filters and refines the data to yield thedistance between the respective base unit and the collar at any giventime, as will be described further hereinafter.

Two probes 64 extend laterally from the lower housing 66 of thecontainer 29 that is against the dog's neck and are insulated from thehousing 66 by electrode grommets 63. Shorter probes 67 can beinterchangeably mounted to the lower housing 66 to better suitshort-haired dogs. Depending upon the setting of the collar, the probes64, 67 provide a physical correction signal to the dog upon reaching thetrigger zone. Alternatively, the collar can be set to provide only anauditory correction signal to the dog. The physical correction signal ispreferably adjustable between a plurality of levels to suit the size,age and temperament of the dog. In a preferred embodiment, the collardefaults to a tone-only correction signal.

To assemble the collar 14, the ends of the antennas 60, 61 that extendout of the channels 47 are coupled to connectors on the PCB assembly 65,preferably with a snap-on or push-on fit. The PCB assembly is receivedwithin the lower housing 66 with the collar strap parts 49, 51 on eitherside of the lower housing as shown in FIG. 9E. The upper housing 54 isthen brought into alignment with the lower housing as shown in FIG. 9F,and then brought closer to engage with the lower housing as shown inFIG. 9G. Once the upper and lower housing are engaged with one anotherto ultimately close the compartment 29, the correction unit 52 issealed, preferably using an ultrasonic welding machine 81 as shown inFIG. 9H. Once fully assembled and welded as shown in FIG. 9A, the straps50 and correction unit 52 are sufficiently waterproof to provide robustcollar performance in all weather conditions.

The collar may also be embodied with a single strap 400 and a modifiedcorrection unit 402 as shown in FIGS. 10A-10C, with the strap beingeasily removable from the correction unit when required. The antennas404 projecting from each end of the correction unit 402 are eachenclosed within an insulating sleeve to protect the antennas fromenvironmental exposure. The bottom of the correction unit 402 has twoscrew bosses 406 with insulators 408 onto which electrode grommets 410and electrodes 412 are secured when the collar is assembled.

In this embodiment, the single strap 400 has a center portion 414 withtwo spaced cutouts 416 for receiving the insulated screw bosses 406 onthe bottom of the correction unit 402. On either side of the centerportion 414, the collar is provided with a pocket 418, each pocket 418receiving one of the sleeved antennas 404 extending from the correctionunit 402 when the collar and correction unit are assembled. The strap400 includes a first end 420 and a second end 422 that are provided withcomplementary fastening elements to allow the ends 420, 422 of thecollar to be secured to one another when the collar is being worn by adog, as is known in the art. The collar strap may be made of variousmaterials including leather, nylon, polymers, etc., as would also beknown by persons of skill in the art.

Assembly of the correction unit 402 to the collar 400 of the embodimentshown in FIGS. 10A to 10C is summarized in FIGS. 10D-10J. First, theelectrodes 412 and electrode grommets 410 are removed from the screwbosses 406 and the boss insulators 408, as shown in FIG. 10D. The collarstrap 400 is positioned with the cutouts 416 in the center portion 414aligned with the screw bosses 406 on the bottom of the correction unit402, as shown in FIG. 10E. The sleeved antennas on the correction unitare inserted into the pockets 418 of the collar strap, as shown in FIG.10F, and the bosses 406 with insulators 408 are inserted through thecutouts 416, making certain that the insulators 408 are inside thecutouts as shown in FIG. 10G. One electrode grommet 410 is then slidonto each screw boss 406 until both grommets 410 are in abutment withthe collar strap, as shown in FIG. 10H. An electrode 412 is then screwedonto each screw boss 406 while ensuring that the electrodes 412 areinside the center depression of the grommets 410, as shown in FIG. 10I.Proper assembly of the collar and correction unit is then verified toensure that the collar is ready for use, as shown in FIG. 10J.

As shown in FIG. 11A, the PCB assembly 65 of the collar includes aNANOLOC™ chipset 158, a first crystal oscillator 160 and a secondcrystal oscillator 162. The first oscillator 160 and the NANOLOC™chipset are shielded by a tuner can 168. According to a preferredembodiment, the first crystal oscillator 160 has a frequency of 32 MHzand the second crystal oscillator 162 has a frequency of 32 KHz.Crystals having other frequencies could also be used as would beunderstood by persons of ordinary skill in the art.

Crystals such as the first and second oscillators 160, 162 aremanufactured to deliver their specified frequency with a specifiedamount of external capacitance. However, manufacturers can onlyrealistically deliver a certain amount of precision for a given price.Therefore, it is necessary to minutely adjust the oscillation frequencyto meet certain critical applications, such as the ranging requirementsof the present invention, which requires a high degree of precision,preferably +/−5 ppm, for the system to operate reliably. According tothe present invention, this high degree of precision is obtained bymodifying the PCB assembly in one or preferably both of the base unitand the collar to include a component for reducing clock speed variationbetween the base unit and the collar.

According to a first collar modification embodiment shown in FIGS. 11B,11C and 11F, the component for reducing clock speed variation is atrimmer component, preferably a trimmable capacitor 166. As used herein,the terms “trimmer capacitor”, “trimmable capacitor” and “trimmer” areused interchangeably. The trimmer capacitor is used to fine-tune thefrequency variation of the first crystal oscillator 160.

The resonant frequency of the crystal oscillator is affected by itsinternal series resonant capacitance and parallel parasitic capacitanceexternal to the series circuit due to the proximity of conductors thatconnect to the crystal itself. The resonant frequency is also determinedby the series resonance which is mechanically determined by the physicaldimensions of the piezoelectric crystal itself.

The internal series resonant capacitance (Ci) is very small, on theorder of femto or atto farads, much less than the external parallelcapacitance (Ce) which is usually in pico farads. Since bothcapacitances are in series with respect to the motional/seriesinductance, moderate changes in the much larger external capacitancehave a very small effect on the total capacitance (Ct). The formula forcapacitances in series is: Ct=1/Ci+1/Ce. As can be seen, if the externalcapacitance (Ce) is orders of magnitude larger, then its reciprocalbecomes a very small fraction of the total capacitance. Hence, theexternal parallel capacitance affects the resonant frequency to a muchlesser degree than the internal equivalent series resonant capacitance(Ci), but is very useful for fine adjustment of the resonant frequency.

Crystal oscillators as used in integrated circuits (ICs) typically use aCMOS inverter 167 with inverting gain. A frequency determining network,either LC, ceramic, or crystal resonator, outside of the IC inverter andconnected to both its output and input, is used to control thefrequency.

The requirements for oscillation are regenerative non-inverting feedbackand enough gain around the total loop to ensure regeneration. The loopconsists of the inverter 167 that supplies the gain, and the externalresonator 160 that feeds the inverter output back into the inverter'sinput 169. The resonator is the loss that the inverter must offset inorder to oscillate. Since the inverter 167 supplies inverting gain, theexternal resonator must also invert the feedback so that the total loopis non-inverting. To accomplish this feedback inversion, a circuit isconfigured that has two external capacitors 171, 173 in units to tens ofpF, both to ground, and the resonator 160 across the top from input tooutput. With this configuration, the circuit has the appearance of theletter “pi” and is therefore referred to herein as a “pi network”. Thetwo external capacitors in addition to the parallel capacitance of thecrystal resonator form the total external parallel capacitance asmentioned above.

The circulating current in the resonator network is much larger than anycurrent that the inverter is capable of producing. Hence, the loopcurrent 175 dominates. When, at an instant in time, the loop current 175is clockwise around the pi network, the capacitor 171 on the left/inputwill be transitioning negatively, while the capacitor 173 on theright/output is transitioning positively. Thus, opposite sides of the pinetwork have opposite polarities of signal. This is the necessary secondinversion mentioned above as needed for oscillation.

In order to minutely adjust the oscillation frequency to meet theranging requirements of the present custom wireless fence invention, thethree external capacitances, which constitute most of the total parallelcapacitance external to the resonator, can be increased or decreased. Ifthe frequency is too high, the capacitance can be increased, and viceversa.

According to the first collar modification embodiment of the presentinvention shown in the block diagram of FIG. 11B and in the schematicsof FIGS. 11C and 11F, an oscillator configuration with specified pinetwork capacitances, such as that in a NANOLOC™ RF circuit, may beobtained by adding a small trimmer capacitor 166 across the top of thepi network to adjust the frequency of the first oscillator 160. Becausethe addition of the trimmer capacitor 166 will exceed the specifiedtotal capacitance for the pi network, the capacitance of the pi networkis reduced by double the amount of the center capacitance of thetrimmer. Doubling is necessary because the two pi capacitors are inseries, so that their total capacitance is approximately half of thecapacitor values. As an example, the existing NANOLOC™ RF circuit usestwo 18 pF capacitors for the pi network. In order to use a 1-5 pFtrimmer having a center value of 3 pF, the capacitance of the picapacitors is reduced by twice that, or by 6 pF each for an actual valueof 12 pF. As modified to include the trimmer capacitor, the circuit nowyields 20 ppm of total adjustment range, which enables the desireddegree of precision to be obtained.

The tuner can 168 shielding the NANOLOC™ chipset 158 and the firstoscillator 160 has insufficient room to house the trimmer 166.Therefore, the trimmer 166 is preferably mounted to the PCB 65 outsidethe can 168 and short wires or PCB traces 169 are brought outside of thecan to connect to the trimmer. The trimmer capacitor 166 can be securedto the PCB by gluing or soldering as would be known by persons ofordinary skill in the art.

To set the trimmer 166, a frequency counter is connected to theoscillator test point on the NANOLOC™ integrated circuit. The trimmer166 is then adjusted to bring the frequency of the first oscillator 160within specification (+/−5 ppm). Preferably, the frequency of oscillator160 is well within the +/−5 ppm specification, allowing for sometemperature related drift.

Trimmer capacitors suitable for use with the NANOLOC™ chipset as used inthe wireless fence system described herein are available from AVXCorporation of Fountain Inn, S.C.

According to a second collar modification embodiment shown in the blockdiagram of FIG. 11D and the schematics of FIGS. 11E and 11G, thecomponent for reducing clock speed variation is a temperaturecompensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) 170. As compared with thevariation found when using a standard oscillator, such as that sold byHosonic Electronic Co. Ltd, as the first crystal oscillator 160, theTCXO 170 provides reduced variation in the clock output of the collar RFcircuit when the collar is subjected to a range of temperatures.Specifically, the clock output of the Hosonic crystal oscillator mayvary by as much as +/−15 ppm at room temperature. When subjected to arange of temperatures, such as 0° C. to 50° C., the potential variationof the Hosonic crystal oscillator is +/−30 ppm (+/−960 Hz). The TCXO170, over the same range of temperatures, preferably varies by a maximumof 50 Hz, conforming to a specified clock speed tolerance of +/−2 ppm(64 Hz). At room temperature, the TCXO 170 has a clock speed toleranceof 1.5 ppm. TCXOs suitable for incorporation within the NANOLOC™integrated circuit as part of the collar circuitry of the presentinvention are available from FOX Electronics of Fort Meyers, Fla., andRaltron Electronics of Miami, Fla., as well as other manufacturers ofelectronics. The base unit may also be modified to include a TCXO inplace of the Hosonic oscillator.

To modify the collar circuitry to include the TCXO, the software in theintegrated circuit of the NANOLOC™ chipset is modified to disable theresident circuit for the first crystal oscillator 160, bypassing suchcircuit in order to use the output from the TCXO directly.

The fence components of the present invention may be modified witheither the trimmer capacitor 166 or the TCXO 170 to minimizecommunication errors between the base units and the collar. Modifyingthe collar with the TCXO is advantageous when the fence system is beingused in geographical areas that see significant temperature variationwith respect to indoor versus outdoor temperatures in both summer andwinter. The base units are preferably modified with the trimmercapacitor but may be equipped with a TCXO instead when outdoor use isanticipated. It is also possible to have a trimmer capacitor only in thecollar, with no component for reducing clock speed variation in the baseunits, if the clock speeds can be sufficiently matched.

The collar 14 is set up for use with the fence system of the presentinvention using the remote controller 15 as summarized in FIG. 12. Theconsumer can use the remote controller to add, name, delete or changesettings for the collar, step 170. To add another collar for anotherdog, step 172, the user presses an input field on the touch screen ofthe remote controller which engages the master base unit in a seek mode.The collar is programmed to transmit so as to be detected by an enableddevice when the collar is powered on. The master base unit identifiesthe unique MAC address associated with the collar and stores itsidentity. Collars can be named using the remote controller, step 174. Inaddition, collar correction levels and the on/off status of the collarcan also be changed using the remote controller, step 176. Further,collars can be deleted using the remote controller, step 178. A moredetailed description of the process by which the user sets up,activates, names and deletes one or more collars is set forth inAppendix A, previously incorporated by reference and attached hereto.

Once the collar has been set up and activated, the NANOLOC™ chipsetsperform their ranging function to determine the distance between each ofthe base units and the collar at any given time. The ranging process isas described in connection with the NANOLOC™ chipset on the NANOLOC™website, and is summarized in FIG. 13. Ranging occurs on an ongoingbasis unless the collar is asleep. The collar sleeps on lack of motionand wakes up when motion is detected by a motion sensor integrated withthe collar.

According to one embodiment, the first antenna at the master base unitdetermines a first distance value between itself and the first antennaon the collar, and then determines a second distance value betweenitself and the second antenna on the collar. The second antenna at themaster base unit then determines a third distance value between itselfand the first antenna on the collar, and then determines a fourthdistance value between itself and the second antenna on the collar. Ifall four distance values are successfully determined, the actualdistance value used in terms of obtaining the current calculation of thedog's distance from the master base unit is the shortest of the fourmeasured values. The same process is performed by each of the threeanchors.

The foregoing ranging process is more fully described in co-pendingapplication Ser. No. 12/539,404, published as U.S. Publ. No. US2010/0033339 on Feb. 11, 2010 (“the '339 application”). The '339application is hereby incorporated by reference and considered part ofthe instant disclosure as if fully set forth herein in its entirety.

According to a more preferred ranging embodiment, only one validdistance value is needed from one collar/base unit antenna pair in orderto get a useable distance value between each collar/base unit pair. Morespecifically, the first antenna at the master base unit determines afirst distance value between itself and the first antenna on the collar.If a value is returned to the master base unit from the first collarantenna, then that value is used as the distance between the master baseunit and the collar and no more measurements are taken. This saves timewithout any loss of needed accuracy in view of the multiple distancevalues being used from the plurality of base units to the collar.

If a value is not returned, however, then the first antenna at themaster base unit determines a second distance value between itself andthe second antenna on the collar. If a value is returned to the masterbase unit from the second collar antenna, then that value is used as thedistance between the master base unit and the collar. If a value is notreturned, however, the process continues with the second antenna on themaster base unit and one or both of the antennas on the collar, asneeded.

Each of the remaining base units determines the distance between itselfand the collar on a similar basis. Because only one good distance valueis required between either of the collar antennas and either of the baseunit antennas in each case, the ranging process is accelerated while thelocation of the dog is still very accurately determined.

Having two antennas at each of the base units and at the collar improvesthe ratio of successfully received signal transmissions to lost signalsas compared with single antenna systems. This improved ratio isparticularly helpful in a household environment in which buildings,shrubs, vehicles and other objects can act to interfere with and/orblock signal transmissions, since blocked signals can result in theunwanted issuance of a correction to the dog, i.e., the dog is correctedeven though still within the prescribed boundary. The system may also beconfigured to have only one antenna at each of the base units aspreviously noted.

The double antenna system also provides for dead zone detection andaccommodation. A dead zone is defined as an area in which signaltransmission may be lost or compromised. If such dead zones are notdetected or otherwise taken into account, this omission can result in anunwanted correction being issued to the dog as the system may concludefrom the lack of signal transmission that the dog is outside theboundary. A fuller discussion of the dead zone feature is set forth inthe '339 application.

Because the system according to the present invention uses four baseunits, the actual location of the dog within the containment area can bereliably determined on a real time basis. While the system can work withonly three base units, the addition of the fourth unit allows trackingto continue without interruption even if the dog enters an area in whichsignal transmission from or communication with one of the anchors may beblocked or otherwise attenuated.

To determine the actual location of the dog from the determined distancevalues between the collar and each of the base units, the system uses atrilateration process as summarized in FIG. 14. According to thisprocess, distance values indicating the respective distances betweeneach of the anchors and the collar are received by the master base unit,step 200. To identify and ignore anomalous distance values, thedifference between the current distance value is compared with theprevious distance value provided by each anchor to see if the differenceor delta is greater than a threshold “X”, step 204. If the difference isgreater than the threshold “X”, for example if the delta is greater thaneight meters between consecutive values, the current distance value isignored as likely being in error, step 206.

If the distance value is not greater than the threshold “X”, step 204,then the system compares the four distance values obtained in step 200.This comparison is illustrated in FIG. 15A with DV1 being the distancevalue between the collar and the master base unit, DV2 being thedistance value between the collar and the third anchor, DV3 being thedistance value between the collar and the first anchor, and DV4 beingthe distance value between the collar and the second anchor. Theoreticalcircles are then defined around each anchor and around the master baseunit, with the radius of each circle being equal to the distance valuereturned by the respective base unit, step 202. At any given time, twoof the base units will be nearest to the collar. Depending upon theposition of the dog relative to the base units, these two shortestdistance values may be used first, step 212. In the case of FIG. 15A,the shortest distance values are DV1 and DV2, and the system checks foran intersection between their two respective circles as illustrated inFIG. 15B by the circles around the master base unit and the thirdanchor. If an intersection is not found, the system indexes or steps tothe anchor having the next lowest distance value to look for anintersection between the circle surrounding that anchor and one of theother two circles, step 214. These steps of indexing through the anchorsand checking for an intersection are taken for each anchor until eitheran intersection is found or it is determined that there are insufficient“good” current location values to make a valid tracking decision. If avalid tracking decision cannot be made, then the current location valueis ignored or skipped, step 216, and the system waits for the nextcurrent location value data in the ongoing tracking process.

When the two circles intersect as shown in FIG. 15B, there will be twopoints of intersection 17A and 17B, each of which is a possible currentlocation of the dog. To determine which of the points is the correctone, the circle surrounding the anchor that provided the next shortestdistance value, Anchor 1 in FIG. 15C, is used as a third circle andchecked for intersection with one of the two points identified by theintersection of the first two circles, within a tolerance value. Thetolerance value takes into account that a precise intersection of allthree circles may not occur, due to attenuation and/or the performancetolerance of the NANOLOC™ chipset. Specifically, since the NANOLOC™chipset has a tolerance of +/−2 meters, an intersection is considered tohave occurred if the third circle is at a distance within this tolerancerange from one of the two possible dog location points. The lowesttolerance value is used first, but escalating tolerances may be usedthereafter up to a maximum distance limit, step 220. For example, if thelowest tolerance value is three meters, the system will identify anintersection if the third circle is within three meters of one of thepoints. If no intersection is found, the system may be set to escalatethe tolerances so as to look for an intersection within five meters, orwithin seven meters, etc., up to the maximum distance value. If themaximum distance value is reached, for example if no intersection occurswithin 15 meters, the system ignores that base unit. The system thenindexes and checks for trilateration with the remaining base unit orunits until an intersection between a respective third base unit circleand one of the two points is found.

If an intersection is found below the maximum distance limit, thecurrent location value of the dog is the position or point at which thethree circles “intersect”, taking into account the tolerance value, step222. This point is represented by point 17B in FIG. 15C. If anintersection is not found below the maximum distance limit, the lasttracking location value is used to determine which of the twointersection values is the correct value, step 224.

To “smooth out” the current location values to avoid an inadvertentcorrection to the dog and to more accurately track the dog's location,various types of filtering and/or weighting algorithms may be employedto filter the values as would be known by persons of ordinary skill inthe art. One such filtering technique using a Kalman filtering algorithmis described in a paper entitled, “An Introduction to the Kalman Filter”by Greg Welch and Gary Bishop in the Department of Computer Science atthe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The Kalman filteringalgorithm assigns a weight to each measured distance value according tothe apparent reliability or confidence of the measurement sample. Theconfidence of the measurement sample is determined on the basis of acomparison made between the currently measured distance value and thepreviously determined tracking location value as determined by theKalman filtering algorithm. If the difference is too great, then thecurrently measured distance value is considered suspect and is givenlittle weight when calculating the next tracking location value.

According to a preferred method of “smoothing out” the current locationvalues, the system performs a series of weighted averaging calculationsusing the current location values. The weighting is determined by thetrilateration level (TL) of each current location value (CLV).

More specifically, the TL value is a relative measure of the nearness ofthe third base unit's circle to the intersection point of the first twobase units' circles. After checking all of the base unit possibilitiesfor a pair of intersections, the value of the nearest third circle isused to determine which of the intersections is the actual location ofthe dog. If the third circle is within a specified distance from one ofthe intersection points, say within one meter, for example, then thatrepresents a very good (believable) TL value. As the distance betweenthe third circle and one of the intersection points increases, the TLvalue becomes less trustworthy.

To account for this difference in distance, TL values are rankedaccording to likely accuracy. For example, according to one possibleimplementation, a TL value of “1” is assigned to a distance of less thanone meter; a TL value of “2” is assigned to distance values of between 3meters and 1 meter; a TL value of “3” is assigned to distance values ofbetween 5 meters and 3 meters; and so on. Clearly, other ranges could bespecified without departing from the intent of the weighting schemebeing described herein. Continuing with this example, TL values of “1”are weighted 100%; TL values of “2” are weighted 80%; and TL values of“3” are weighted 60%; and so on. The weighting can be continued in astep-down fashion to a point where the distance is considered to bebeyond a believable point, say 15 meters.

Once the weights have been set, a series of CLV's are preferablyaveraged using the assigned weights in order to calculate a trackinglocation value indicating the dog's position.

The averaging can be varied by changing the number of historical pointsthat go into the calculation, such as two values, three values, and soon. Generally, it is preferred to use five points or less as relying ona greater number of points, and taking the time required to gather andprocess them, slows the system's reaction to fast movement.

For the purposes of this example, three points will go into determininga tracking location value (TLV). These three points are: 1) CLV1 at(3,2) with a TL value of 1; 2) CLV2 at (4,2) with a TL value of 1; and3) CLV3 at (5,2) with a TL value of 1.

Given these points, the TLV can be calculated as follows:

TLV=[(3+4+5)/3], [(2+2+⅔)]=(4,2)

As may not be immediately evident from this example, both the CLV andthe TL value are weighted. To illustrate this, another example will begiven, also using three points. These three points are: 1) CLV1 at (3,2)with a TL value of 1; 2) CLV2 at (4,2) with a TL value of 2; and 3) CLV3at (5,2) with a TL value of 3. Given these points, the TLV can becalculated as follows:

TLV=[(3+0.8*4+0.6*5)/(1+0.8+0.6)],

[(2+0.8*2+0.6*2)/(1+0.8+0.6)]=(3.83,2)

By weighting and then averaging a certain number of CLV's in this way,the benefit of smoothed tracking is achieved which can be used bothduring the fence setting mode and, even more advantageously, whiletracking the location of the collar.

As summarized in FIG. 16, once set up, the wireless fence system 10maintains a monitoring mode during which the remote controller 15displays information relating to the status of the battery charge levelof the collar 14 and of the remote controller 15, the fence status (onor off), and whether a breach is detected, step 230. A breach isdetected using a modified point-in-polygon methodology, step 232. Moreparticularly, using the tracking location value/current location valueas the starting location, a vector is mathematically generated from thatpoint to infinity. The number of fence and exclusion zone line segmentsthat are intersected by the resulting vector is calculated. If thatnumber is odd, then the tracking location value/current location valueis in an allowed area. If that number is even or zero, however, then thetracking location value/current location value is either in an exclusionzone or outside the fence boundary, i.e., a breach has occurred. When abreach is detected, the system enters a correction mode as will bedescribed further hereinafter.

To reduce the likelihood of an unwanted correction being administered tothe dog, the system according to the present invention includes atracking process which is summarized in FIG. 17. When performing thetracking process, a valid current location value is stored in memory,such as a flash memory at the master base unit, step 240. However, thebase units and collar continually transmit and receive signals tocalculate updated current location values on an on-going basis to trackthe dog in real time. During this ongoing process, particular currentlocation values determined at any given time may be slightly inaccuratewith respect to the actual location of the dog, indicating the dog to beoutside the roaming area when, in fact, the dog is still inside theroaming area. These errant values, if taken on face value, would resultin an unwanted correction being administered to the dog. Hence, thetracking process according to the present invention uses weighting andan averaging subroutine, such as described above, to “smooth out”consecutive current location values by averaging several values so thaterrant values caused by tolerances and attenuation will be compensatedfor or ignored, step 242.

In addition, when each current location value is obtained, such value ischecked to determine whether a maximum distance delta from the previouscurrent location value has been exceeded, step 252. If the maximum deltavalue has been exceeded, the associated current location value isignored as being erroneous. By providing this means of accommodating adegree of error associated with each current location value due toperformance tolerances of the system, both from environmentalattenuation and the specified NANOLOC™ chipset tolerance of +/−2 meters,a more accurate tracking location value is thereby obtained, step 244,as will be described more fully hereinafter.

As already described, the tracking process continually compares thecurrent location value of the collar with boundary and exclusion zonestatus, step 246, through use of the averaging subroutine. If thecurrent location value is deemed a valid value and is inside the fenceand outside the exclusion zone(s), no action is taken, step 248. If thecurrent location value is deemed valid and, along with at least one ofthe previous five current location values, is outside the fence boundaryor inside an exclusion zone, however, a correction sequence iscommenced, step 248. Also, to further adjust for fast movement, thesystem may be configured to initiate a correction as soon as a singlecurrent location value is outside the border, or upon two currentlocation values in a row being outside, for example. In this way, thetime lag associated with the usual averaging process may be reduced oreliminated when time is of the essence.

As summarized in FIG. 18, the correction process begins when the masterbase unit sends a command to the collar to correct, step 410. Uponreceipt of this command, the collar is activated and issues a correctionin the form of a tone and/or physical correction, step 412. Thecorrection continues until a set time-out period has been reached, step414, or until the dog returns to the roaming area, step 416. If thetime-out period has been reached, step 414, the correction stops, step418. If the time-out period has not been reached, step 414, and the doghas returned within the roaming area, step 418, the correction alsostops. If, however, the time-out period has not been reached and the doghas not returned, step 416, the correction continues, step 412. Thelength of the correction cycle can be varied, but according to onepreferred embodiment the correction cycle is about 30 seconds. Theextent to which the dog must return within the roaming area before thecorrection is stopped can be variably set according to system design andsettings.

The present invention further achieves enhanced robustness in adverseconditions through strength enhancement of the signals being exchangedbetween the collar and the base units. This strength enhancement, orsignal amplification, allows the base units and collar to conduct theranging and tracking processes more accurately than is possible withjust the conventionally configured NANOLOC™ chipsets when operating in ahousehold environment where buildings, shrubs, vehicles, etc., caninterfere with signal receipt and transmission. According to a preferredembodiment, power amplification circuitry is integrated to work with theNANOLOC™ chipsets to provide greater signal strength.

The foregoing descriptions and drawings should be considered asillustrative only of the principles of the invention. The invention maybe configured in a variety of ways and is not limited by the dimensionsof the preferred embodiment. Numerous applications of the presentinvention will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, itis not desired to limit the invention to the specific examples disclosedor the exact construction and operation shown and described. Rather, allsuitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, fallingwithin the scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A wireless fence system for containing one ormore dogs in a user-defined roaming area comprising: a master base unitincluding a transceiver unit and at least two slave base units, each ofsaid master base and slave base units having a transceiver unit, anoscillator and a component for reducing clock speed variation, saidmaster base unit and said slave base units being positioned in spacedrelationship to one another within a generally central location; amaster base unit activating mechanism for activating the master baseunit during a system topology set-up stage to initiate a communicationsequence between the master base unit and the slave base units duringwhich respective distances and spatial relationships between the masterbase unit and the slave base units are determined and placed on apredefined planar coordinate system in which said distances and spatialrelationships are identified by respective coordinates within saidplanar coordinate system to define an overall base unit topology; atleast one collar worn by a dog, said collar including a strap forsecuring the collar to a dog's neck and a compartment connected to saidstrap containing a transceiver unit in signal communication with thetransceiver units of said master base unit and said slave base units,said collar transceiver unit being incorporated within a PCB assemblycontained within said compartment, said PCB assembly including acollar-mounted oscillator and a collar component for reducing clockspeed variation between the collar and the base units, each of said baseunits being configured to continuously obtain distance values betweenitself and the collar on a real time basis using said transceiver unitsand to communicate said distance values to the master base unit forcalculation of a tracking location value indicating a location of thedog within the planar coordinate system using a trilateration process; atrackable device configured to communicate with the master base unit andthe slave base units during a fence set-up stage during which said baseunits track consecutive positions of the trackable device as thetrackable device is moved around a user-defined perimeter surroundingthe generally central location, said user-defined perimeter defining acustom-shaped fence, an area inside the fence constituting theuser-defined roaming area and an area outside said roaming areaconstituting a trigger zone; said collar including a correction unitthat initiates administration of a correction to the dog when thetracking location value calculated by the system indicates the dog is inthe trigger zone; and said system being further configured to weight andfilter a plurality of said continuously obtained distance values whencalculating the tracking location value and to assign less weight todistance values considered suspect due to disparity between said suspectdistance values and previously measured distance values and previouslycalculated tracking location values indicating the location of the dogwithin the planar coordinate system.
 2. The wireless fence system as setforth in claim 1, wherein said component for reducing clock speedvariation in said master base and slave units is a trimmer capacitor formanually adjusting a frequency of said base unit oscillators to reduceclock speed variation and effectively eliminate communication errorsbetween the base units and the collar.
 3. The wireless fence system asset forth in claim 2, wherein said component for reducing clock speedvariation in said collar oscillator is a manually adjustable trimmercapacitor.
 4. The wireless fence system as set forth in claim 3, whereinsaid trimmer capacitor in each of said base units is adjustable toobtain a maximum clock speed variation between each of the base unitsand the collar of +/−160 Hz for a total range precision of 10 ppm (+/−5ppm).
 5. The wireless fence system as set forth in claim 2, wherein saidcomponent for reducing clock speed variation in said collar oscillatoris a manually adjustable trimmer capacitor, said trimmer capacitors insaid base units and said collar being adjustable to obtain a maximumclock speed variation between the base units and the collar of +/−160 Hzfor a total range precision of 10 ppm (+/−5 ppm).
 6. The wireless fencesystem as set forth in claim 1, wherein said strap includes a firststrap part connected to one side of said compartment and a second strappart connected to an opposite side of said compartment, said strap partsbeing configured to fasten said collar around a dog's neck, said collarincluding at least one antenna inserted into a blind channel in one ofsaid first and second strap parts, a free end of said antenna protrudingfrom one of the strap parts being received within said compartment andcoupled to connectors on said PCB assembly.
 7. The wireless fence systemas set forth in claim 6, wherein said collar includes two antennas, eachantenna being inserted into a blind channel of a respective one of thefirst and second strap parts, free ends of both said antennas protrudingfrom the strap parts and being received within said compartment andcoupled to connectors on said PCB assembly.
 8. The wireless fence systemas set forth in claim 7, wherein said compartment includes an upperhousing and a lower housing, said PCB assembly and the free ends of saidstrap parts being received within said lower housing, and said upperhousing being sealed to said lower housing so that said collar iswaterproof.
 9. The wireless fence system as set forth in claim 1,wherein said strap includes a center portion having two cutouts spacedfrom one another to receive two screw bosses extending outwardly from abottom of said compartment which pass through said cutouts, said collarstrap being secured to said compartment by passing said screw bossesthrough said cutouts, sliding grommets onto the screw bosses and againstthe strap, and screwing electrodes onto the screw bosses and in abutmentwith said grommets.
 10. The wireless fence system as set forth in claim9, wherein said compartment has two antennas projecting from each endthereof, each of said antennas being enclosed within an insulatingsleeve to protect said antennas from environmental exposure.
 11. Thewireless fence system as set forth in claim 10, wherein said collarstrap has a pocket on either side of said strap center portion, eachpocket receiving one of said two sleeved antennas when the strap andcorrection unit are assembled for use.